חֲנֻכָּה - Hanuka, Hannuka, Hanukka, Channukkah: however you spell it, it is the Jewish Winter Festival of Lights or the Feast of Dedication. Until the middle of the 20th century, Hanukah was the only Jewish holiday that is post Biblical with a definite historical date. The story of Hanukah is told in the Books of the Maccabees I-II which are in the Apocrypha. The First Book of the Maccabees covers the whole of the Maccabean Revolt in 175-134 BCE against the Greek ruler, Antiochus IV who suppressed the practice of Jewish Law. The Revolt was lead by Judah Maccabee and his sons, Simon, John, Jonathan, and Judas; Maccabee means hammer in Hebrew and is an anagram for the Hebrew words that mean, "Who is like You from amongst the mighty, the L-rd?"
Practice
Hanukah is a minor Jewish holiday compared to Passover, Purim, and the High Holydays. With the rise of the ethnically diverse neighborhoods in the post WWII period in the US, Jewish babyboomers became quite aware of the Winter holiday celebrations of their neighbors and wanted to celebrate similarly, so Hanukah became more important as a symbol of Jewish identity in North America. In 1951, President Harry S Truman received a menorah from Israeli Prime Minister David Ben Gurion; in 1965, LBJ hosted the first Hanukah celebration in the White House. Long before that, General George Washington is said to have attended a Hanukah celebration at the home of Mr. Michael Hart in Easton, PA in 1777 - this account of the story is from the diary of Michael's daughter, Louisa.
Hanukah is celebrated on the 25 of Kislev on the Hebrew calendar; on the English calendar the holiday can begin as early as November 26 and as late as December 28. The dreidel or sivivon is a top with four sides with Hebrew letters as an anagram for "A great miracle happened THERE", שהנג or, in Israel, "A great miracle happened HERE" - נגפה
The "great miracle" of Hanukah was the flame in the Temple that was still burning even after eight days. Since the "great miracle" that happened involved oil, we eat foods that are made in oil as latkes, potato pancakes, or sufganiyot, jelly doughnuts. And what was dedicated? The Great Temple of Jerusalem was re-dedicated to G-d for the practice of Judaism.
At your home
There is no obligation to refrain from work during the Hanukah festival as there is during the Sabbat or the High Holydays. The festival is seven days, eight nights with a candle lit each night beginning on the first night with just the shumash candle and one candle added each night, adding candles from right to left, but lighting them each night left to right. Generally, the Sepharim have one menorah to a household and the Ashkenazi have a menorah for each member of the household. At the beginning of the Sabbath during Hanukah, the menorah candles are kindled first and then the Shabbat candles - on Saturday at the end of the Sabbath, the havdalah candle is lit first and then extinguished, and then the menorah candles are lit. Traditionally, three brachot, blessings are said the first night and two are said each night for the remainder of this festival when lighting the candles.
The first night, the shehecheyanu blessing is said. This blessing is said whenever something pleasant that has not happened for a while is encountered -
ברוך אתה ה' א‑לוהינו, מלך העולם, שהחינו וקימנו והגענו לזמן הזה.
Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'heheyanu v'kiy'manu v'higi'anu la'z'man ha'ze.
Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this season."
The remaining nights, the blessing for lighting the candles is said:
ברוך אתה ה' א‑לוהינו, מלך העולם, אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו להדליק נר של חנוכה.
Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Hanukkah.
Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light[s]."
Then the blessing for miracles of Hanukah is said:
ברוך אתה ה' א‑לוהינו, מלך העולם, שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה.
Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze.
Translation: "Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time..."
Happy Hanukah! Hag Samech!
Sisterhood, Education liaison,
Mrs. Maureen Gradvohl